Physical Limits

4 essays

Compute, energy, data and infrastructure — the constraints that decide who participates.

Physical Limits

Can't Compete, Compute

Compute access is becoming the thing that decides which companies and which countries get to participate at all. That is an industrial policy question wearing a technical costume.

Physical Limits

Physical Data and AI

Models have consumed the text of the world. The physical world is not text, and it is not digitised — which is where the next constraint bites.

Physical Limits

Scarcity Is Changing: The Abundance Problem

Cheap cognition does not end scarcity; it relocates it. The newly scarce things are energy, trust, attention and verification — and none of them get cheaper.

Physical Limits

They Don’t Have AC — How Will They Have AI?

The discourse assumes reliable power, cooling and connectivity. Much of the world has none of the three, and no amount of model progress supplies them.